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The two basic elements of a true experimental design are


A) a control group and random allocation of subjects to conditions
B) a control group or a control condition and random allocation of subjects to groups
C) random selection of subjects and random allocation of subjects to conditions
D) random selection of subjects and each subject experiences every condition

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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A researcher wonders about the memory performance of people with Parkinson 's disease, so he recruits 25 patients and gives them the CVLT, a standard memory test. He then gives 25 college students the same test, and compares the performance. What experimental design has he used?


A) one-group pretest-posttest design
B) pretest-posttest control group design
C) posttest only control group design
D) posttest only with nonequivalent control group design

E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

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You have a hypothesis that sugar decreases the ability to remember lists of words, and that this impairment increases with the amount of sugar that is administered. Design a between groups single factor true experiment to test this idea. Be sure to define your independent and dependent variables. How will you recruit subjects? How will you allocate subjects and conditions?

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To test the hypothesis that sugar decrea...

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The way in which subjects are treated in an experiment is referred to as the


A) factor
B) condition
C) treatment
D) both b and c

E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

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Which one of the following procedures is an appropriate way to control for order effects in a within-subjects experiment? Arrange so that each condition


A) follows every other condition an equal number of times
B) occurs equally often in each ordinal position
C) is presented once to each group
D) occurs only once

E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

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Counterbalancing involves arranging conditions such that each condition


A) follows every other condition an equal number of times
B) occurs equally often in each ordinal position
C) is presented once before any condition is repeated
D) occurs only once

E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

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Consider the posttest-only design with nonequivalent control groups. Can you think of an experimental situation in which this design might be necessary? How could you potentially strengthen the experimental design?

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One potential experimental situation in ...

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You survey a group of people who have just finished college, most of whom say that the experience was worthwhile and that they learned a lot. What experimental design does this represent?


A) Archival
B) Single-factor within-subjects
C) One-group posttest-only design
D) Posttest-only with nonequivalent control groups

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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A well-designed experiment will


A) rule out all possible threats to reliability
B) provide the result that corresponds to the hypothesis
C) adequately control for threats to validity
D) None of these are true

E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

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R O X O O represents the


A) nonequivalent control group design
B) multiple conditions design
C) pretest-posttest control group design
D) posttest only control group design

E) A) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Dr. James wants to perform a within-subjects experiment that involves four levels of an independent variable. He wants to control for order and sequence effects using complete counterbalancing within a group of subjects. What is the minimum number of subjects that he will need?


A) 2
B) 4
C) 24
D) 120

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Block randomization involves which one of the following procedures?


A) Randomly assigning subjects to treatment blocks
B) Presenting the conditions in order the first time and then in reverse order
C) Presenting subjects with each condition in a different order from other subjects
D) Presenting each condition once before any condition is repeated

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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X O represents the


A) one-group pretest-posttest design
B) one-shot case study
C) posttest control group design
D) one-group posttest only design

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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A __________ is a particular value of an independent variable.


A) level
B) condition
C) factor
D) treatment

E) B) and D)
F) A) and C)

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Two types of psychotherapy are compared for treating depression. A random half of the subjects receive each of the treatments. What type of design does this study represent?


A) Single-factor within-subjects
B) Single-factor between subjects
C) One-group pretest-posttest
D) Posttest-only design with nonequivalent control groups

E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

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Dr. Knasko is performing a within-subjects experiment in which she is interested in whether the presence of an odor will affect performance on a videogame task. She has three odor conditions: Peppermint, lavender, and a no odor control. Dr. Knasko wants to use a Latin Square design to present her conditions. Which ordering reflects a Latin Square?


A) Subject 1: ABC, Subject 2: BCA, Subject 3: CAB
B) Subject 1: ABC, Subject 2: CBA, Subject 3: ABC
C) Subject 1: CAB, Subject 2: CBA, Subject 3: BCA
D) Subject 1: BAC, Subject 2: BCA, Subject 3: CAB

E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

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Reverse counterbalancing cannot control for _______ effects


A) nonlinear
B) order
C) sequence
D) within-subjects

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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You decide that you want to see whether a popular motivational program "Optimize Your Life!" actually works. You survey the participants after they have taken part in the study. This experimental design is called a


A) Single-factor within-subjects
B) Single-factor between subjects
C) One-group pretest-posttest
D) One-group posttest-only design

E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

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Three experimental conditions are to be compared in a within-subjects experiment. Each condition requires 15 minutes, and a total of one hour is available for testing each subject. Which of the following procedures can be used to control for order and sequence effects?


A) counterbalancing
B) reverse counterbalancing
C) block randomization
D) none of these

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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In a well-designed experiment, selection bias is controlled by


A) The existence of a control condition
B) The independent variable
C) Random allocation of subjects to conditions
D) Using a within-subjects design

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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